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Osteoarthritis (Arthritis of Hands, Knees, Hips) | Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, caused by wear and tear or overuse of a particular joint. There are a variety of risk factors for getting osteoarthritis, including increasing age, vitamin D deficiency and previous injuries. In this lesson, we discuss the differences between primary and secondary osteoarthritis, the risk factors for getting primary osteoarthritis, the pathophysiology behind why it occurs, the signs and symptoms, how it’s diagnosed and how it’s treated.

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JJ

**MEDICAL LEGAL DISCLAIMER**: JJ Medicine does not provide medical advice, and the information available on this channel does not offer a diagnosis or advice regarding treatment. Information presented in these lessons is for educational purposes ONLY, and information presented here is not to be used as an alternative to a healthcare professional’s diagnosis and treatment of any person/animal. Only a physician or other licensed healthcare professional are able to determine the requirement for medical assistance to be given to a patient. Please seek the advice of your physician or other licensed healthcare provider if you have any questions regarding a medical condition.

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*Check Out Some of My Other Lessons*

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This 3D medical animation gives a brief overview of the anatomy and physiology of a typical synovial joint, what arthritis is and how osteoarthritis affects a joint. The animation goes on to show common treatment options for osteoarthritis.

#Osteoarthritis #DegenrativeJointDisease #Joint
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What is osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis is a disease in which the articular cartilage degenerates over time, causing pain and inflammation in the affected joint. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more.

Join millions of current and future clinicians who learn by Osmosis, along with hundreds of universities around the world who partner with Osmosis from Elseiver to make medical and health education more engaging and efficient. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you for success in school, on your board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more. If you’re interested in exploring an institutional partnership, visit osmosis.org/educators to request a personalized demo.

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What are non-urothelial cell bladder cancers? These are a small subset of bladder cancers that, confusingly, often arise from the urothelium, and include squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas.

Find our full video library only on Osmosis Prime: http://osms.it/more.

Join over 3 million current & future clinicians who learn by Osmosis, and over 130 universities around the world who partner with us to make medical and health education more engaging and efficient. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you to succeed in school, on board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more. If you’re interested in exploring an institutional partnership, visit osmosis.org/educators to request a personalized demo.

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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.

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Dan Reznicek MD, a Urologist in Bellingham Washington, covers the basics of bladder cancer. Bladder cancer is common and is one of the top 5 cancers diagnosed every year in the US. In addition to this video, see resources available at www.nccn.org, www.bcan.org, and visit our website at www.pacificnorthwesturology.com.

Basics:
What is bladder cancer?
How does bladder cancer happen?
What are the symptoms?
What is the workup?
How is it treated?

What is bladder cancer?
Bladder cancer is a the development of a group of cells in the lining of the bladder that begin to grow and divide uncontrollably. They are in the urothelium of the bladder.

What is the urothelium
This layer prevents you from reabsorbing the salts in the urine and the waste products that have been excreted. It is also a barrier from bacteria and infection.

The vast majority of bladder cancers in this country come from the lining of the urothelium and are known as urothelial carcinoma. Historically, it was also called transitional carcinoma.
The other bladder cancers that will not be covered in this video are small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. These are quite rare, and their outcomes and treatments are different from urothelial carcinoma.

Risk factors include smoking, male sex, and exposures to certain chemicals used in the dye and textile industry.

What are symptoms of bladder cancer?

Most people are diagnosed with bladder cancer after seeing blood in the urine (also called hematuria). Sometimes your urine may look normal, but blood is seen on a urine test at your doctor’s office and that is called microscopic hematuria. See a doctor if you note blood in your urine.

Usually there is no pain with bladder cancer in early stages. In some people, they can develop irritative voiding symptoms such as burning with urination, more frequent urination, difficulty urinating or a weak stream, and the sudden urge to urinate. These symptoms will seem like a urinary tract infection but no bacteria is seen on a culture. These symptoms are less common but can occur.

If bladder cancer is caught late and spread to other areas of the body, patients may experience back pain, weight loss, tiredness, swelling, bone pain, and other symptoms.

What is the workup?

A medical history and perform a physical exam. Other tests that may be performed include urine tests with a culture, cancer markers, or microscopic exam. Imaging tests such as a CT scan, Ultrasound, or MRI may be recommended. A cystoscopy should be performed if bladder cancer is suspected or possible.

How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. TNM staging of bladder cancer is covered in the video.

Cancers that are in the lining of the bladder alone are known as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). These are treated with endoscopic removal (transurethral resection of a bladder tumor [TURBT]) and may require further local therapies with drugs instilled into the bladder.

Some cancers involve the muscle of the bladder and require further treatment. Muscle invasive bladder cancer is treated with surgery, chemoradiation, or a combination of therapies. If left untreated, muscle invasive bladder cancer can be deadly and we highly recommend treatment.

Metastatic cancer is less common and describes bladder cancer that has spread beyond the bladder and into other organs. 4% of cancers are diagnosed at this stage. At this point in time, metastatic bladder cancer is incurable, but new treatments are being discovered each year. Treatments at this stage are focused on slowing the cancer growth and lengthening survival.

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Specialists at the Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute (GBCI) outline a basic overview of the functions of the bladder, and the different types of cancer that can affect the bladder. Learn about symptoms and risk factors for the disease, and how the GBCI’s multi-disciplinary clinical approach is moving research forward. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/greenberg-bladder-cancer-institute/about-bladder-cancer/

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What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the joints.

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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
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